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阿尔卑斯山 alps

The Alps are one of the greatmountain range systems ofEurope, stretching fromAustriaand Slovenia in the east; through Italy, Switzerland,Liechtenstein and Germany; toFrance in the west.

The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blanc, at 4,808 metres (15,774 ft), on the Italian–French border. All the main peaks of the Alps can be found in the list of mountains of the Alpsand list of Alpine peaks by prominence.

The Alps are generally divided into the Western Alps and theEastern Alps. The division is along the line between Lake Constance and Lake Como, following the rivers Rhine, Liroand Mera. The Western Alps are higher, but their central chain is shorter and curved; they are located in Italy, Franceand Switzerland. The Eastern Alps (main ridge system elongated and broad) belong toItaly, Austria, Switzerland,Germany,Liechtenstein andSlovenia. The highest peak of the Western Alps is Mont Blanc, at 4,808 metres (15,774 ft). The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina, at 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). TheDufourspitze, 4,634 metres (15,203 ft) and Ortler,^[2] 3,905 metres (12,812 ft), are the second-highest, respectively.

The Alps form a part of aTertiary orogenic belt of mountain chains, called theAlpide belt, that stretches through southern Europe and Asia from the Atlantic all the way to the Himalayas. This belt of mountain chains was formed during the Alpine orogeny. A gap in these mountain chains in central Europe separates the Alps from the Carpathians off to the east. Orogeny took place continuously and tectonicsubsidence is to blame for the gaps in between.

The Alps arose as a result of the collision of the African andEuropean tectonic plates, in which the western part of theTethys Ocean, which was formerly in between these continents, disappeared. Enormous stress was exerted on sediments of the Tethys Ocean basin and itsMesozoicand early Cenozoic strata were pushed against the stableEurasian landmass by the northward-moving Africanlandmass. Most of this occurred during the Oligocene andMiocene epochs. The pressure formed great recumbent folds, or nappes, that rose out of what had become the Tethys Seaand pushed northward, often breaking and sliding one over the other to form gigantic thrust faults. Crystalline basementrocks, which are exposed in the higher central regions, are the rocks formingMont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alpsand Hohe Tauern.

The formation of theMediterranean Sea is a more recent development, and does not mark the northern shore of the African landmass.

take from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps